MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

9 pages, 908 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Intestinal Ischemia Secondary to Blunt Abdominal Trauma in Late Pregnancy: A Case Report of a Rare Complication with Serious Implications

by Marta Domínguez-Moreno, Ana María Ferrete-Araujo, Mónica Marín-Cid, Juan José Egea-Guerrero and Lucas Cerrillos

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5808; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165808 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Blunt abdominal trauma in pregnancy is a medical emergency with significant maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Although rare, intestinal ischemia can occur as a serious abdominal complication following trauma during pregnancy. Case presentation: A 41-year-old woman at 33 weeks and 6 [...] Read more.

Background: Blunt abdominal trauma in pregnancy is a medical emergency with significant maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality. Although rare, intestinal ischemia can occur as a serious abdominal complication following trauma during pregnancy. Case presentation: A 41-year-old woman at 33 weeks and 6 days of gestation was involved in a car accident, as a passenger in the front seat of a vehicle that left the road and overturned. The initial examination revealed severe chest trauma but no immediate signs of abdominal injury. However, the patient’s condition worsened, showing delayed symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction, clinical deterioration, and labor onset. Complementary imaging studies did not reveal conclusive findings suggesting complications related to the blunt abdominal trauma. Following a multidisciplinary team’s decision to perform an emergency cesarean section in the maternal-fetal interest, intestinal ischemia secondary to a mesenteric tear was discovered, necessitating intestinal resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Conclusions: Despite being a rare condition often associated with diagnostic delays, in cases of sudden clinical deterioration or maternal hemodynamic instability, immediate multidisciplinary intervention is essential. This approach may allow the early detection of trauma-related complications, reducing potentially preventable deaths and achieving favorable maternal and neonatal outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gastroenterological Surgery)

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21 pages, 1109 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pharmacological and Adjunctive Management of Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients During the Omicron Era: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Lorenzo Vittorio Rindi, Drieda Zaçe, Loredana Sarmati, Roberto Parrella, Gianluca Russo, Massimo Andreoni and Claudio Maria Mastroianni

Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081128 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Introduction: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants characterized by increased transmissibility and immune escape has raised concerns about the efficacy of current treatments. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in Omicron-infected non-hospitalized patients, focusing on key clinical outcomes [...] Read more.

Introduction: The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants characterized by increased transmissibility and immune escape has raised concerns about the efficacy of current treatments. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions in Omicron-infected non-hospitalized patients, focusing on key clinical outcomes such as hospitalization, respiratory failure, ICU admission, and 30-day mortality. Methods: Searches were performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov (last update: 13 July 2025). Eligible studies reported outcomes on antiviral agents, monoclonal antibodies, adjunctive therapies, or telemedicine. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate, with heterogeneity assessed by I². Publication bias was evaluated via funnel plots and Egger’s test. Subgroup analyses explored sources of heterogeneity. Results: Eighty-eight studies were included. Meta-analyses, comparing treatment vs. no treatment, revealed that nirmatrelvir/ritonavir reduced hospitalization by 52% (RR 0.48, 95% CI 0.36–0.63) and all-cause mortality by 84% (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.11–0.24). Remdesivir reduced hospitalization by 70% (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.19–0.47) and respiratory failure by 89% (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03–0.44). Sotrovimab decreased hospitalization (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.93) and mortality (RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.19–0.61). Molnupiravir modestly reduced hospitalization (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.70–0.91) and respiratory failure (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.27–0.77). Conclusions: Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and remdesivir remain important for reducing severe outcomes, while sotrovimab retains partial efficacy. Rapid access to antivirals remains an important factor in mitigating SARS-CoV-2’s burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)

30 pages, 3851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventing Cisplatin-Induced Neuropathy and Related Emotional Disorders with the Coadministration of Duloxetine and Hydrogen-Rich Water in Male and Female Mice

by Ignacio Martínez-Martel, Sylmara Esther Negrini-Ferrari and Olga Pol

Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14081004 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cisplatin (CIS)-induced peripheral neuropathy and associated comorbidities have a detrimental effect on the lives of cancer patients. Currently, there are no effective therapies to alleviate these symptoms. Duloxetine (DULO) is a recommended treatment, but it is linked with important side effects, thus making [...] Read more.

Cisplatin (CIS)-induced peripheral neuropathy and associated comorbidities have a detrimental effect on the lives of cancer patients. Currently, there are no effective therapies to alleviate these symptoms. Duloxetine (DULO) is a recommended treatment, but it is linked with important side effects, thus making it essential to explore novel approaches. We examined the impact of a prophylactic treatment with a low dose of DULO combined with hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on CIS-injected C57BL/6 male and female mice as a possible therapy for allodynia, muscle and body weight deficits, and emotive syndromes accompanying this type of chemotherapy. The prophylactic treatment with DULO and HRW prevented mechanical allodynia caused by CIS in both sexes and had greater effects than either treatment given individually. The combined treatment also prevented cold allodynia in male mice but only reduced it in females. Moreover, the coadministration of DULO with HRW avoided muscular deficits in both sexes. Furthermore, the body weight reduction induced by CIS in both sexes was not entirely mitigated by the combined therapy. However, all treatments avoided the anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors elicited by CIS. The antiallodynic actions and prevention of muscular deficits produced by the combined treatment might be explained by the inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and plasticity alterations provoked by CIS in the dorsal root ganglia of these subjects. This study proposes, for the first time, the cotreatment of DULO with HRW as an effective therapy for CIS-induced peripheral neuropathy and reveals the influence of sex on these actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

19 pages, 1245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorella-Induced Increase in Cardiac Function Further Enhances Aerobic Capacity Through High-Intensity Intermittent Training in Healthy Young Men and Rats

by Shumpei Fujie, Kenichiro Inoue, Katsunori Tsuji, Naoki Horii, Moe Oshiden, Izumi Tabata and Motoyuki Iemitsu

Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162657 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic chlorella intake combined with high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) has been shown to accelerate aerobic and anaerobic capacities in rodents. This study aimed to clarify the effects of combining chlorella intake with short-term HIIT on exercise performance in humans, and to investigate [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic chlorella intake combined with high-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) has been shown to accelerate aerobic and anaerobic capacities in rodents. This study aimed to clarify the effects of combining chlorella intake with short-term HIIT on exercise performance in humans, and to investigate the impact of chlorella intake on cardiac adaptation. Materials and Methods: In Study 1, twelve healthy young men completed a 3-week exhaustive HIIT, comprising 6–7 bouts of 20 s of cycling on a leg ergometer at an intensity of 170% maximal oxygen uptake (

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O_2max), with a 10 s rest between each bout, 3 days/week. They were orally administered either placebo or chlorella during the 3 weeks in a double-blinded, randomized crossover trial (RCT). In Study 2, six healthy young men were orally administered either placebo or chlorella during 4 weeks in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT. We measured

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O_2max and cardiac function (stroke volume [SV], heart rate [HR], and cardiac output [CO]) during maximal exercise. In Study 3, chlorella-induced changes in molecular markers of maladaptation of the heart were measured in healthy rats. Results: [Study 1] After each HIIT,

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O_2max significantly increased in the placebo and chlorella groups (p < 0.05). Changes in

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O_2max were significantly higher in the chlorella group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). [Study 2] Changes in SV and CO during maximal exercise were significantly higher in the chlorella group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05 each), but HR_max did not change. [Study 3] Chronic chlorella intake did not change the molecular markers of pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Conclusions: Chronic chlorella intake, which improves aerobic capacity by enhancing cardiac function without causing cardiac maladaptation, combined with short-term HIIT, further enhanced aerobic capacity. Thus, the chlorella-induced increase in cardiac function may further enhance aerobic capacity through HIIT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements to Optimize Exercise Performance)

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22 pages, 6291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of Vertical Bearing Performance in RC Slab–Column Joints: Effects of Bottom Reinforcement and Concealed Beams

by Xianglan Wei, Gaowang Cai, Naiwen Ke, Yuanwen Liu, Guangyu Wu and Yigang Jia

Buildings 2025, 15(16), 2905; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15162905 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

The vertical load-bearing performance of slab–column joints is significantly affected by bottom reinforcement and concealed beams, but existing studies remain insufficient in analyzing their influence mechanisms. To address this, the effects of bottom reinforcement, concealed beam width, and punch-to-span ratio on the mechanical [...] Read more.

The vertical load-bearing performance of slab–column joints is significantly affected by bottom reinforcement and concealed beams, but existing studies remain insufficient in analyzing their influence mechanisms. To address this, the effects of bottom reinforcement, concealed beam width, and punch-to-span ratio on the mechanical properties of joints are systematically investigated in this study through finite element analysis. Validating 2 experimental models and establishing 13 parametric models, the results shows that adding bottom reinforcement can enhance the late-stage bearing capacity and ductility of joints; increasing the ratio of top-to-bottom reinforcement improves bearing capacity but reduces ductility; a wider concealed beam leads to better bearing capacity and ductility performance of the joint; and under the same concealed beam width, a larger punching–span ratio reduces bearing capacity but improves ductility. This study reveals the critical role of bottom reinforcement and concealed beams in joint performance, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic and Durability Performance of Steel Connections)

17 pages, 2304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Assessment of Fractional and Erosion Plot Methods for Quantifying Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss Under Vetiver Grass Technology on Two Contrasting Slopes in Rainforest Agroecology

by Suarau O. Oshunsanya, Hanqing Yu, Ayodeji M. Odebode, Ini D. Edem, Tunde S. Oluwatuyi, Esther E. Imasuen and Dorcas E. Odeyinka

Agriculture 2025, 15(16), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15161762 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

The erosion plot method (EPM) is the most accurate method for measuring total runoff and soil loss in the field, but it is expensive, time-consuming, and tedious to use, thereby limiting the scope of soil erosion research. Alternatively, the fractional method (FM) involves [...] Read more.

The erosion plot method (EPM) is the most accurate method for measuring total runoff and soil loss in the field, but it is expensive, time-consuming, and tedious to use, thereby limiting the scope of soil erosion research. Alternatively, the fractional method (FM) involves measuring a portion of total runoff and soil loss to estimate the total erosion. Although the FM may be easier to use in rainforest agroecology, it has not been evaluated under vetiver grass technology (VGT). Thus, a 2-year field study was conducted to verify the efficacy of the FM under VGT by comparing soil nutrient erosion between the FM and the EPM on two slopes (5% and 10%). Three piped drums (left, central, and right) were used to collect total runoff under the EPM, while only a central piped drum was used under the FM (usual practice). The FM’s runoff and soil loss values were similar to those under the EPM (R² = 0.98–0.99; p < 0.001). Runoff nutrients (R² = 0.90; p < 0.001) and eroded nutrients (R² = 0.97; p < 0.001) from the FM were highly similar to those of the EPM on the 5% slope. Similarly, runoff nutrients (R² = 0.86; p < 0.001) and eroded nutrients (R² = 0.95; p < 0.001) from the FM were strongly similar to those of the EPM on a 10% slope. The FM accounted for 92% of the total nutrient erosion measured by the EPM under VGT management. Thus, the FM will make research more efficient, cost-effective, and attractive, particularly in large-scale water erosion studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessing Soil Erosion and Associated Nutrient Losses in Agrosystems)

17 pages, 816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Stratification Using a Perioperative Nomogram for Predicting the Mortality of Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy

by Daniel-Vasile Dulf, Anamaria Larisa Burnar, Patricia-Lorena Dulf, Doina-Ramona Matei, Hendea Raluca Maria, Cătălina Bungărdean, Maximilian Buzoianu, Iulia Andraș, Tudor-Eliade Ciuleanu, Nicolae Crișan and Camelia Alexandra Coadă

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5810; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165810 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Perioperative factors significantly impact oncologic outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. This study aimed to identify key perioperative predictors for overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and to develop a prognostic nomogram for the identification of high-risk patients adapted to [...] Read more.

Background: Perioperative factors significantly impact oncologic outcomes after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. This study aimed to identify key perioperative predictors for overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and to develop a prognostic nomogram for the identification of high-risk patients adapted to the clinical routines and standard of care of our country. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 121 patients undergoing RC (2014–2024). Data on patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor pathology, neoadjuvant treatments, extensive intraoperative factors, and postoperative events were assessed using COX models. A prognostic nomogram for 3-year OS was constructed. Results: Median follow-up was 44.33 months. Significant predictors for worse OS included lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (HR 2.22), higher T stage (HR 8.75), N+ status (HR 1.10), and intraoperative complications (HR 3.04). Similar predictors were noted for PFS. The developed nomogram incorporated T-, N-stages, sex, grade, intraoperative complications and early (12 months) recurrence, and was able to significantly identify patients with a higher mortality risk (p < 0.001) with a C-index of 0.74. Conclusions: Our nomogram for mortality prediction of BC patients offers a promising tool for individualized risk stratification. Further studies are required for its external validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Perspectives in Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment)

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32 pages, 1548 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Dark Side of Vascular Aging: Noncoding Ribonucleic Acids in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

by Jianning Chen, Xiao Xiao, Charles Zhou, Yajing Zhang, James Rhee and Haobo Li

Cells 2025, 14(16), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14161269 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents a growing global public health challenge, now accounting for approximately half of all heart failure cases and often linked to a systemic pathophysiological process in older adults with multiple comorbidities. Despite increasing recognition of the [...] Read more.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) represents a growing global public health challenge, now accounting for approximately half of all heart failure cases and often linked to a systemic pathophysiological process in older adults with multiple comorbidities. Despite increasing recognition of the vascular contributions to HFpEF, the precise molecular mechanisms, particularly the role of noncoding Ribonucleic Acids (ncRNAs) in mediating vascular aging and subsequent cardiac dysfunction, remain incompletely understood. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic link between vascular aging and HFpEF, with a specific focus on the pivotal roles of ncRNAs in this complex interplay. We delineate the classification of vascular aging, its cellular hallmarks, including endothelial senescence, vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching, and extracellular matrix remodeling, and its systemic implications, such as inflammaging, oxidative stress, and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. We then detail how these vascular alterations, including increased ventricular afterload and impaired myocardial perfusion due to coronary microvascular dysfunction, contribute to HFpEF pathophysiology. The review extensively discusses recent findings on how diverse classes of ncRNAs, notably microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs, along with emerging evidence for PIWI-interacting RNAs, small nuclear RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, and tRNA-derived small RNAs, regulate these vascular aging processes and serve as molecular bridges connecting vascular dysfunction to heart failure. In conclusion, understanding the regulatory landscape of ncRNAs in vascular aging may reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic avenues, offering new strategies for precision medicine in HFpEF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Diseases)

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15 pages, 1990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Insights into Indoor Air Quality in University Environments: PM and CO₂ Monitoring

by Dan-Marius Mustață, Daniel Bisorca, Ioana Ionel, Ahmed Adjal and Ramon-Mihai Balogh

Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080972 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study presents real-time measurements of particulate matter (PM₁, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations across five university indoor environments with varying occupancy levels and natural ventilation conditions. CO₂ concentrations frequently [...] Read more.

This study presents real-time measurements of particulate matter (PM₁, PM₂.₅, PM₁₀) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations across five university indoor environments with varying occupancy levels and natural ventilation conditions. CO₂ concentrations frequently exceeded the 1000 ppm guideline, with peak values reaching 3018 ppm and 2715 ppm in lecture spaces, whereas one workshop environment maintained levels well below limits (mean = 668 ppm). PM concentrations varied widely: PM₁₀ reached 541.5 µg/m³ in a carpeted amphitheater, significantly surpassing the 50 µg/m³ legal daily limit, while a well-ventilated classroom exhibited lower levels despite moderate occupancy (PM₁₀ max = 116.9 µg/m³). Elevated PM values were strongly associated with flooring type and occupant movement, not just activity type. Notably, window ventilation during breaks reduced CO₂ concentrations by up to 305 ppm (p < 1 × 10⁻⁴⁷) and PM₁₀ by over 20% in rooms with favorable layouts. These findings highlight the importance of ventilation strategy, spatial orientation, and surface materials in shaping indoor air quality. The study emphasizes the need for targeted, non-invasive interventions to reduce pollutant exposure in historic university buildings where mechanical ventilation upgrades are often restricted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Chemical Characterization of Particulate Matter: Ambient, Personal, and Indoor Perspectives)

28 pages, 3479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering in the Digital Age: A Career-Level Competency Framework Validated by the Productive Sector

by Nádya Zanin Muzulon, Luis Mauricio Resende, Gislaine Camila Lapasini Leal, Paulo Cesar Ossani and Joseane Pontes

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167425 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the essential competencies for engineers in the context of digital transformation, with the aim of proposing a refined framework to guide professional development across career levels. A mixed-methods, sequential approach was adopted: (1) a systematic literature review, conducted between 2014 [...] Read more.

This study investigates the essential competencies for engineers in the context of digital transformation, with the aim of proposing a refined framework to guide professional development across career levels. A mixed-methods, sequential approach was adopted: (1) a systematic literature review, conducted between 2014 and 2024, which identified 46 competencies organized into seven dimensions; (2) a quantitative survey with 392 engineers who self-assessed their level of mastery for each competency; (3) semi-structured interviews with 20 company representatives, who validated and contextualized the essential competencies according to hierarchical levels (junior, mid-level, and senior); (4) data triangulation, resulting in a final competency model by career level. The findings reveal a widespread deficit in digital competencies, regardless of hierarchical level. In total, 33 competencies assessed by career level showed statistically significant differences in employer perceptions and were identified as progressive throughout the career trajectory. Analysis of self-assessments and interviews indicates that for early-career engineers, there is a strong emphasis on personal and basic cognitive competencies. For mid-level engineers, the data show a significant valuation of social competencies. Senior engineers are perceived as having accumulated experience across all seven mapped dimensions. This study offers a practical model that can be used by educational institutions, companies, and professionals to align education, market demands, and career planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development)

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25 pages, 2119 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Lactylation: From Metabolic Reprogramming to Precision Therapeutics in Liver Diseases

by Qinghai Tan, Mei Liu and Xiang Tao

Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081178 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Lactylation, a recently identified post-translational modification (PTM) triggered by excessive lactate accumulation, has emerged as a crucial regulator linking metabolic reprogramming to pathological processes in liver diseases. In hepatic contexts, aberrant lactylation contributes to a range of pathological processes, including inflammation, dysregulation of [...] Read more.

Lactylation, a recently identified post-translational modification (PTM) triggered by excessive lactate accumulation, has emerged as a crucial regulator linking metabolic reprogramming to pathological processes in liver diseases. In hepatic contexts, aberrant lactylation contributes to a range of pathological processes, including inflammation, dysregulation of lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and fibrosis. Importantly, lactylation has been shown to impact tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy resistance by modulating oncogene expression, metabolic adaptation, stemness, angiogenesis, and altering the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review synthesizes current knowledge on the biochemical mechanisms of lactylation, encompassing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways, and its roles in specific liver diseases. From a therapeutic perspective, targeting lactate availability and transport, as well as the enzymes regulating lactylation, has demonstrated promise in preclinical models. Additionally, combinatorial approaches and natural compounds have shown efficacy in disrupting lactylation-driven pathways, providing insights into future research directions for hepatic diseases. Although the emerging role of lactylation is gaining attention, its spatiotemporal dynamics and potential for clinical translation are not yet well comprehended. This review aims to synthesize the multifaceted roles of lactylation, thereby bridging mechanistic insights with actionable therapeutic strategies for liver diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

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27 pages, 2440 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From MINI to Meaningful Change—A German Pilot Study to Improve Patient Outcomes in End-of-Life Care

by Jana Sophie Grimm, Alina Kasdorf, Raymond Voltz and Julia Strupp

Healthcare 2025, 13(16), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13162024 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Early identification of terminally ill patients is crucial for enhancing care, patient and care partner satisfaction, and healthcare staff confidence in discussing disease trajectories. Yet, timely recognition remains challenging. To address this, we developed a minimally invasive intervention (MINI) for general [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Early identification of terminally ill patients is crucial for enhancing care, patient and care partner satisfaction, and healthcare staff confidence in discussing disease trajectories. Yet, timely recognition remains challenging. To address this, we developed a minimally invasive intervention (MINI) for general hospital wards. We aimed to evaluate the MINI’s feasibility in facilitating an earlier identification of terminally ill patients and improving patient reported outcomes in a hospital setting. Methods: This prospective, two-arm pre-post intervention study at a university hospital evaluated the MINI alongside usual care. Patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life (SF-12), palliative care needs (IPOS), and functional status (ECOG), were collected at baseline and every three months over 12 months. Participants were allocated to a control or intervention group. Results: Of 188 patients identified using the Surprise Question, 58 completed the baseline assessment. While physical functioning (SF-12 PCS) remained comparable, the intervention group experienced clinically meaningful improvements in mental health (SF-12 MCS) at three months, with positive trends at six months. This group also showed a decline in palliative care needs, reduced emotional symptoms, and improved performance status, evidenced by significant differences in non-parametric analyses. These findings underscore the MINI’s potential to significantly improve patient well-being. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of the MINI and suggests it may foster meaningful system-wide change in patient-centred care within acute hospital settings, leading to improved patient outcomes and more confident healthcare staff in identifying terminally ill patients. However, given the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Future research with larger cohorts and extended intervention periods is warranted to fully elucidate the MINI’s impact and refine strategies for improving care for terminally ill patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Palliative Care)

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21 pages, 2028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Variability in the Maximum Water Holding Capacity and Physicochemical Properties of Forest Floor Litter in Anatolian Black Pine (Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold) Stands in Türkiye

by Semih Ediş

Forests 2025, 16(8), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16081337 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Forest litter plays a critical role in regulating the water balance of forest ecosystems, particularly in semi-arid regions where hydrological stability is under pressure due to climate change. This study investigates the maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) of litter layers across three ecologically [...] Read more.

Forest litter plays a critical role in regulating the water balance of forest ecosystems, particularly in semi-arid regions where hydrological stability is under pressure due to climate change. This study investigates the maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) of litter layers across three ecologically distinct regions in Türkiye—Kastamonu, Kütahya, and Muğla—to evaluate how structural and physicochemical characteristics influence the maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) of litter layers. Litter samples classified into humus, fermenting debris, and needles were analyzed for MWHC, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDSs). The results revealed that both the type of litter and regional ecological conditions significantly affect MWHC, with humus layers and moist environments exhibiting the highest water holding capacity. Additionally, MWHC showed moderate positive correlations with EC and TDS, highlighting the importance of chemical composition in water dynamics. The findings underscore that forest litter should be regarded as a dynamic and functional hydrological component, not merely residual biomass. This perspective is vital for sustainable watershed planning and adaptive forest management. The study supports the development of integrated management strategies aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship Between Forest Vegetation and Water and Its Regulation in Changing Environments)

17 pages, 4679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Weed Control Increases the Growth and Above-Ground Biomass Production of Pinus taeda Plantations in Southern Brazil

by Matheus Severo de Souza Kulmann, Marcos Gervasio Pereira, Rudi Witschoreck and Mauro Valdir Schumacher

Agrochemicals 2025, 4(3), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/agrochemicals4030014 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Pinus taeda plantations have been facing declining productivity in South America, especially due to competition for natural resources such as light, water, and nutrients. Competition with spontaneous vegetation in the early years is one of the main constraints on growth and biomass allocation [...] Read more.

Pinus taeda plantations have been facing declining productivity in South America, especially due to competition for natural resources such as light, water, and nutrients. Competition with spontaneous vegetation in the early years is one of the main constraints on growth and biomass allocation in trees. However, the best method and timing for weed control and its impact on the productivity of Pinus taeda plantations are unknown. This study aims to evaluate whether weed control increases the growth and above-ground biomass production of Pinus taeda plantations in southern Brazil. This study was conducted at two sites with five-year-old Pinus taeda plantations in southern Brazil, with each being submitted to different weed control methods. This study was conducted in randomized blocks, with nine treatments: (i) NC—no weed control, i.e., weeds always present; (ii) PC—physical weed control; (iii) CC–T—chemical weed control in the total area; (iv) CC–R—chemical weed control in rows (1.2 m wide); (v) C6m, (vi) C12m, (vii) C18m, and (viii) C24m—weed control up to 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after planting; and (ix) COC—company operational weed control. The following parameters were evaluated: the floristic composition and weed biomass, height, diameter, stem volume, needle biomass, branches, bark, and stemwood of Pinus taeda. Control of the weed competition, especially by physical means (PC), and chemical control over the entire area (CC–T) promoted significant gains in the growth and above–ground biomass production of Pinus taeda at five years of age, particularly at the Caçador site. The results reinforce the importance of using appropriate strategies for managing weed control to maximize productivity, especially before canopy closure. In addition, the strong correlation between growth variables and the total biomass and stemwood indicates the possibility of obtaining indirect estimates through dendrometric measurements. The results contribute to the improvement of silvicultural management in subtropical regions of southern Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herbicides)

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12 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Effectiveness of Continuous Intra-Operative Suprascapular Nerve Block (CI-SSNB) with and Without Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia (IV-PCA) on Acute Post-Arthroscopy Pain: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Sung-yup Hong, Dong-woo Lee, Ji-hun Kim and Yoon-suk Hyun

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(16), 5809; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165809 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) is commonly used for pain control following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), but its use is limited by adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting. The suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) has emerged as an effective regional analgesic alternative. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) is commonly used for pain control following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR), but its use is limited by adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting. The suprascapular nerve block (SSNB) has emerged as an effective regional analgesic alternative. This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of continuous intra-operative suprascapular nerve block (CI-SSNB) alone versus CI-SSNB combined with fentanyl-based IV-PCA (CI-SSNB + IV-PCA). Methods: A total of 40 patients undergoing ARCR under general anesthesia with a single-shot interscalene block (ISB) were allocated to either CI-SSNB alone (n = 20) or CI-SSNB + IV-PCA (n = 20). Pain scores were assessed using a 0–10 visual analog scale from 0 to 72 h postoperatively at predetermined intervals, along with opioid consumption and adverse events. Results: At post-operative day 0 (POD 0, 10 p.m.), mean pain scores were 5.75 ± 2.59 in the CI-SSNB + IV-PCA group vs. 3.95 ± 3.00 in the CI-SSNB group (p = 0.050). The total number of rescue pethidine doses up to post-operative day 3 was 1.80 ± 2.02 vs. 0.95 ± 1.10, respectively (p = 0.108). However, adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting occurred only in the CI-SSNB + IV-PCA group. Conclusions: CI-SSNB provides comparable analgesia to CI-SSNB + IV-PCA, while avoiding IV-PCA-related side effects, suggesting that IV-PCA may not be necessary when CI-SSNB is employed for post-operative analgesia following ARCR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

16 pages, 909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is the Soil in Allotment Gardens Healthy Enough?—Relation Between Organic Matter Content and Selected Heavy Metals

by Dariusz Gruszka, Katarzyna Szopka, Iwona Gruss and Maja Złocka

Sustainability 2025, 17(16), 7424; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167424 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study was conducted in nine allotment garden complexes in Wrocław, West Poland (Central Europe). Soil samples were collected from each garden and analyzed for their total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, alongside the percentage of organic carbon C. Contaminant levels [...] Read more.

This study was conducted in nine allotment garden complexes in Wrocław, West Poland (Central Europe). Soil samples were collected from each garden and analyzed for their total concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd, alongside the percentage of organic carbon C. Contaminant levels varied widely between sites: Zn ranged from 101.1 to 3464.5 mg/kg, Cu from 24.93 to 322.45 mg/kg, Cd from 0.51 to 6.31 mg/kg, and Pb from 19.92 to 401.85 mg/kg. The highest metal contamination was found for the garden complex placed on the former impact of the Hutmen. The organic carbon content ranged from 2.12% to 7.64%, indicating substantial variability in organic matter levels across the studied sites. This variability may significantly influence the soils’ capacity to retain heavy metals. A significant positive correlation was observed between soil organic carbon and the total concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn, suggesting that soils richer in organic matter may retain higher levels of heavy metals. These findings underscore the dual role of organic matter as both a beneficial soil component and a potential contributor to heavy metal retention in urban garden soils. Protecting and enhancing SOM in polluted soils is a beneficial strategy, remediating environmental damage while aligning with global sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy-Metal Soil Contamination: Sources, Opportunities, and Sustainable Solutions)

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45 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms and Genetic Drivers of Resistance of Insect Pests to Insecticides and Approaches to Its Control

by Yahya Al Naggar, Nedal M. Fahmy, Abeer M. Alkhaibari, Rasha K. Al-Akeel, Hend M. Alharbi, Amr Mohamed, Ioannis Eleftherianos, Hesham R. El-Seedi, John P. Giesy and Hattan A. Alharbi

Toxics 2025, 13(8), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080681 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

The escalating challenge of resistance to insecticides among agricultural and public health pests poses a significant threat to global food security and vector-borne disease control. This review synthesizes current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance, including well-characterized pathways such as target-site mutations [...] Read more.

The escalating challenge of resistance to insecticides among agricultural and public health pests poses a significant threat to global food security and vector-borne disease control. This review synthesizes current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance, including well-characterized pathways such as target-site mutations affecting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, and metabolic detoxification mediated by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), esterases, and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Emerging resistance mechanisms are also explored, including protein sequestration by odorant-binding proteins and post-transcriptional regulation via non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Focused case studies on Aedes aegypti and Spodoptera frugiperda illustrate the complex interplay of genetic and biochemical adaptations driving resistance. In Ae. aegypti, voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSCs) mutations (V410L, V1016I, F1534C) combined with metabolic enzyme amplification confer resistance to pyrethroids, accompanied by notable fitness costs and ecological impacts on vector populations. In S. frugiperda, multiple resistance mechanisms, including overexpression of cytochrome P450 genes (e.g., CYP6AE43, CYP321A8), target-site mutations in ryanodine receptors (e.g., I4790K), and behavioral avoidance, have rapidly evolved across global populations, undermining the efficacy of diamide, organophosphate, and pyrethroid insecticides. The review further evaluates integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, emphasizing the role of biopesticides, biological control agents, including entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids, and molecular diagnostics for resistance management. Taken together, this analysis underscores the urgent need for continuous molecular surveillance, the development of resistance-breaking technologies, and the implementation of sustainable, multifaceted interventions to safeguard the long-term efficacy of insecticides in both agricultural and public health contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Agrochemicals on Insects and Soil Organisms)

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20 pages, 7030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating HBIM and GIS Through Object-Relational Databases for the Conservation of Rammed Earth Heritage: A Multiscale Approach

by F. Javier Chorro-Domínguez, Paula Redweik and José Juan Sanjosé-Blasco

Heritage 2025, 8(8), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8080336 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Historic earthen architecture—particularly rammed earth—is underrepresented in digital heritage initiatives despite its widespread historical use and vulnerability to degradation. This paper presents a novel methodology for integrating semantic, geometric, and geospatial information from earthen heritage into a unified digital environment, bridging Heritage Building [...] Read more.

Historic earthen architecture—particularly rammed earth—is underrepresented in digital heritage initiatives despite its widespread historical use and vulnerability to degradation. This paper presents a novel methodology for integrating semantic, geometric, and geospatial information from earthen heritage into a unified digital environment, bridging Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through an object-relational database. The proposed workflow enables automated and bidirectional data exchange between Revit (via Dynamo scripts) and open-source GIS tools (QGIS and PostgreSQL/PostGIS), supporting semantic alignment and spatial coherence. The method was tested on seven fortified rammed-earth sites in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, chosen for their typological and territorial diversity. Results demonstrate the feasibility of multiscale documentation and analysis, supported by a structured database populated with geometric, semantic, diagnostic, and environmental information, enabling enriched interpretations of construction techniques, material variability, and conservation status. The approach also facilitates the integration of HBIM datasets into broader territorial management frameworks. This work contributes to the development of scalable, open-source digital tools tailored to vernacular heritage, offering a replicable strategy for bridging the gap between building-scale and landscape-scale documentation in cultural heritage management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

12 pages, 4724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Helminths of Cats (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758) and Their Larval Stages in Reptiles in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

by Rolf K. Schuster and Saritha Sivakumar

Diversity 2025, 17(8), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17080578 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

An examination of 360 feral cats originating from three major habitats in the Dubai Emirate between 2002 and 2024 revealed the presence of 14 helminths, as follows: Joyeuxiella pasqualei, Joyeuxiella gervaisi, Diplopylidium nölleri, Diplopylidium acanthotetra, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taenia [...] Read more.

An examination of 360 feral cats originating from three major habitats in the Dubai Emirate between 2002 and 2024 revealed the presence of 14 helminths, as follows: Joyeuxiella pasqualei, Joyeuxiella gervaisi, Diplopylidium nölleri, Diplopylidium acanthotetra, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Taenia hydatigena, Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Pterygodermatites cahirensis, Centrorhynchus aluconis and Macracanthorhynchus catulinus. During the same period, a total of 66 snakes (eight species) and 68 lizards (four species) from different locations in the Dubai Emirate were examined for parasites. The larval stages of the cestode genera Joyeuxiella and Diplopylidium, as well as cystacanths of Centrorhynchus sp. and Macracanthorhynchus sp. and the larval stages of two nematodes were detected. All of the snake species except sand boas, as well as two gecko species, harbored the larval stages of cestodes of the Dipylidiidae family. The high prevalence of Joyeuxiella and Diplopylidium in the cats that originated from the city center of Dubai, where the presence of reptiles can be excluded, suggests that certain arthropods might be involved in the life cycle of these cestodes as first intermediate hosts and that reptiles are paratenic hosts. Full article

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16 pages, 3062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Thermophilous” Trees in the Lateglacial Vegetation of the Eastern Baltic: New Questions for an Old Issue

by Olga Druzhinina, Anna Rudinskaya, Lyudmila Lazukova, Ivan Skhodnov, Aleksey Burko and Kasper van den Berghe

Forests 2025, 16(8), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16081336 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

The results of a recent palynological study of the Kulikovo section (southeastern Baltic) allow us to elaborate on issues of the presence of pollen from the “thermophilous” trees (Picea, Alnus, Corylus, Ulmus, Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus) [...] Read more.

The results of a recent palynological study of the Kulikovo section (southeastern Baltic) allow us to elaborate on issues of the presence of pollen from the “thermophilous” trees (Picea, Alnus, Corylus, Ulmus, Quercus, Tilia, Fraxinus) in Lateglacial sediments. The research shows their continuous presence throughout the interval of 13.9–12.5 ka with a total contribution from 7% to 17%. Comparing the results with regional palynological data revealed certain similarities and patterns, which are not sufficiently explained by contamination by ancient redeposited material. These taxa belonging to the hemiboreal plant group were most probably part of the Lateglacial vegetation along with subpolar and boreal plants. This correlates well with regional paleoclimate reconstructions, assuming that, during the major part of the Lateglacial, July temperatures were comparable to modern average temperatures, which range from +16.5 to +18 °C. Inclusion of hemiboreal tree vegetation in paleoreconstructions will offer an updated picture of the dynamics of the natural environment and increase the accuracy of paleoclimatic reconstructions based on palynological data, allowing us to obtain more accurate temperature values of the climate of the past. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollen-Based Tree Population Dynamics and Climate Reconstruction)

19 pages, 6372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosing Tibetan Plateau Summer Monsoon Variability Through Temperature Advection

by Xueyi Xun, Zeyong Hu, Fei Zhao, Zhongqiang Han, Min Zhang and Ruiqing Li

Atmosphere 2025, 16(8), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16080973 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

It has always been a research topic for some meteorologists to design a new and reasonable calculation scheme of the intensity of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) summer monsoon (TPSM). Existing indices are defined based on dynamic factors. However, the intensity of the TPSM [...] Read more.

It has always been a research topic for some meteorologists to design a new and reasonable calculation scheme of the intensity of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) summer monsoon (TPSM). Existing indices are defined based on dynamic factors. However, the intensity of the TPSM can also be influenced by thermal factors. We therefore propose defining a TPMI in terms of horizontal temperature advection within the main body of the TP. This provides a new index that directly quantifies the extent to which the thermal forcing in the TP region regulates the monsoon system. The new index emphasizes the importance of the atmospheric asymmetry structure in measuring TPSM strength, represents the variability of the TPSM circulation system, effectively reflects the meteorological elements, and accurately represents the climate variation. Tropospheric temperature (TT) and TPSM are linked by the new index. These significant centers of correlation are characterized by alternating positive and negative phases along the Eastern European Plain, across the Turan Plain, and into southwestern and northeastern China. The correlation coefficients are found to be significantly out of phase between high and low altitudes in the vertical direction. This research broadens our minds and helps us to develop a new approach to measuring TPSM strength. It can also predict extreme weather events in advance based on TPMI changes, providing a scientific basis for disaster warnings and the management of agriculture and water resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

15 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Botulinum Toxin on Sensori–Motor Integration in Movement Disorders: A Scoping Review

by Animesh Das and Mandar Jog

Toxins 2025, 17(8), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080416 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: The primary effect of Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is to cause weakness in the injected muscles by inhibiting the release of acetyl choline from presynaptic nerve terminals. Its effect on sensorimotor integration (SMI) has largely been confined to small studies. The aim of [...] Read more.

Background: The primary effect of Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is to cause weakness in the injected muscles by inhibiting the release of acetyl choline from presynaptic nerve terminals. Its effect on sensorimotor integration (SMI) has largely been confined to small studies. The aim of this review is to highlight effect of BoNT on SMI in the context of Parkinson’s disease (PD), Cervical dystonia (CD), and Writer’s cramp (WC). Methods: Using keywords “Botulinum toxin” and “sensorimotor integration” or “Freezing of gait (FOG)” or ‘Tremor”or “Cervical dystonia” or “Parkinson’s disease”, or “Writer’s cramp”, PubMed database was searched for relevant articles supporting our view. The abstracts of all resultant articles (case reports, case series, randomized trials, observational studies) were reviewed to look for evidence of effects of botulinum toxin on SMI. The relevant articles were charted in excel sheet for further full text review. Results: In FOG, chronic BoNT injections may alter central motor patterns with inclusion of alternative striatal systems, cerebellum, and its connections. In tremor, the afferent proprioceptive input may be modified with reduction of intracortical facilitation and increment of intracortical inhibition. In CD, BoNT can restore disorganized cortical somatotrophy, the key pathophysiology behind cervical dystonia. Similarly, in WC, both the deficient sensory system and abnormal reorganization of the sensorimotor cortex may be altered following chronic BoNT injections. Conclusions: There is preliminary evidence that BoNT may modulate SMI in PD, CD, and WC by altering inputs from the muscle spindles in short term and modifying circuits/particular anatomic cerebral cortices in the long term. Properly conducted randomized trials comparing BoNT with placebo or prospective large-scale studies to look for effect on various surrogate markers reflective of changes in SMI should be the next step to confirm these findings. Targeting the system of afferents like spindles and golgi tendon organs in muscles may be a better way of injecting BoNT, with lower amounts of toxin needed and potential for lesser side-effects like weakness and atrophy. However, this needs to be proven in controlled trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Botulinum Toxins: New Uses in the Treatment of Diseases (2nd Edition))

16 pages, 2245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risk Assessment of Toluene and Formaldehyde Based on a Short-Term Exposure Scenario: A Comparison of the Reference Concentration, Reference Dose, and Minimal Risk Level

by Ji-Eun Moon, Si-Hyun Park, Young-Hyun Kim, Hyeok Jang, Ji-Yun Jung, Sung-Won Yoon and Cheol-Min Lee

Toxics 2025, 13(8), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080683 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Conventional health risk assessments do not adequately reflect short-term exposure characteristics following chemical accidents. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of existing assessment methods and propose a more suitable risk assessment approach for short-term exposure to hazardous chemicals. We analyzed foundational studies used [...] Read more.

Conventional health risk assessments do not adequately reflect short-term exposure characteristics following chemical accidents. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of existing assessment methods and propose a more suitable risk assessment approach for short-term exposure to hazardous chemicals. We analyzed foundational studies used to derive reference concentration (RfC), reference dose (RfD), and minimal risk level (MRL) values and applied these health guidance values (HGVs) to a hypothetical chemical accident scenario. An analysis of the studies underlying each HGV revealed that, except for the RfC for formaldehyde and the RfD for toluene, all values were derived under research conditions comparable to their respective exposure durations. Given the differing toxicity mechanisms between acute and chronic exposures, MRLs that were aligned with the corresponding exposure durations supported more appropriate risk management decisions. The health risk assessment results showed that RfC/RfD-based hazard quotients (HQs) were consistently higher than MRL-based HQs across all age groups and both substances, indicating that RfC/RfD values tend to yield more conservative risk estimates. For formaldehyde, the use of RfC instead of MRL resulted in an additional 208 tiles (2.08 km²) being classified as areas of potential concern (HQ > 1) relative to the MRL-based evaluation. These findings highlighted that the selection of HGVs can significantly influence the spatial extent of areas of potential concern, potentially altering health risk determinations for large population groups. This study provides a scientific basis for improving exposure and risk assessment frameworks under short-term exposure conditions. It also serves as valuable foundational data for developing effective and rational risk management strategies during actual chemical accidents. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply MRLs to a short-term chemical accident scenario and directly compare them with traditional reference values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

21 pages, 2711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Polyclonal Antibody for the Immunoanalysis of Ochratoxin A (OTA) by Employing a Specially Designed Synthetic OTA Derivative as the Immunizing Hapten

by Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou, Christos Zikos, Christos Liolios, Maria Pelecanou and Evangelia Livaniou

Toxins 2025, 17(8), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins17080415 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

We report herein the development of a polyclonal antibody against ochratoxin A (OTA) using a specially designed synthetic OTA derivative as the immunizing hapten. This OTA derivative contains a tetrapeptide linker (glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-lysine, GGGK), through which it can be linked to a carrier protein [...] Read more.

We report herein the development of a polyclonal antibody against ochratoxin A (OTA) using a specially designed synthetic OTA derivative as the immunizing hapten. This OTA derivative contains a tetrapeptide linker (glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-lysine, GGGK), through which it can be linked to a carrier protein and form an immunogenic conjugate. The OTA derivative (OTA-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-lysine, OTA-GGGK) has been synthesized on a commercially available resin via the well-established Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (Fmoc-SPPS) strategy; overall, this approach has allowed us to avoid tedious liquid-phase synthesis protocols, which are often characterized by multiple steps, several intermediate products and low overall yield. Subsequently, OTA-GGGK was conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin through glutaraldehyde, and the conjugate was used in an immunization protocol. The antiserum obtained was evaluated with a simple-format ELISA in terms of its titer and capability of recognizing the natural free hapten; the anti-OTA antibody, as a whole IgG fragment, was successfully applied to three different immunoanalytical systems for determining OTA in various food materials and wine samples, i.e., a multi-mycotoxin microarray bio-platform, an optical immunosensor, and a biotin–streptavidin ELISA, which has proved the analytical effectiveness and versatility of the anti-OTA antibody developed. The same approach may be followed for developing antibodies against other low-molecular-weight toxins and hazardous substances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mycotoxins)

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15 pages, 4124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compensatory Regulation and Temporal Dynamics of Photosynthetic Limitations in Ginkgo Biloba Under Combined Drought–Salt Stress

by Yuxuan Meng, Yang Wu, Shengjie Liang, Lehao Li, Ying Zhu, Peng Ding, Chenhang Liu, Sunjie Tang and Jimei Han

Forests 2025, 16(8), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16081334 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Photosynthesis in higher plants is highly sensitive to drought and salinity. While studies have examined the individual effects of drought or salt stress on photosynthesis, their combined impact remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the diurnal dynamics and primary limiting factors [...] Read more.

Photosynthesis in higher plants is highly sensitive to drought and salinity. While studies have examined the individual effects of drought or salt stress on photosynthesis, their combined impact remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the diurnal dynamics and primary limiting factors (stomatal, mesophyll, and biochemical) affecting the net photosynthetic rate (A_n) in Ginkgo (G.) biloba under drought, salt, and combined drought–salt stress. The results revealed that G. biloba exhibited a bimodal pattern of A_n under control conditions, primarily driven by mesophyll conductance (g_m). Under drought, this pattern shifted, with stomatal limitations dominant in the late afternoon. In contrast, salt and combined stress induced a unimodal A_n pattern due to a flattened g_m curve and reduced correlation between g_m and A_n. Interestingly, combined stress caused significantly lower mesophyll limitations than salt stress alone, compensating for increased stomatal limitations and leading to a higher A_n. Our findings reveal a dynamic shift in the limiting factors over time and stress types, suggesting that G. biloba has mechanisms to mitigate combined drought–salt stress. These insights deepen our understanding of plant resilience under complex environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Seedlings Under Climate Change in Forests)

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19 pages, 4994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Nutritional Environment in Cryptococcus gattii Titan Cells’ Ultrastructure, Biophysical Properties, Molecular Features, and Virulence in Cryptococcosis

by Igor Avellar-Moura, Glauber R. de S. Araujo, Juliana Godoy, Vinicius Alves, Iara Bastos de Andrade, Juliana Soares, Bruno Pontes and Susana Frases

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040101 (registering DOI) - 16 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Cryptococcus gattii presents a significant threat to healthy individuals. Titan cell formation, a key virulence factor, is influenced by the nutritional environment and plays a critical role in immune evasion and stress resistance. This study investigates the molecular and biophysical changes in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Cryptococcus gattii presents a significant threat to healthy individuals. Titan cell formation, a key virulence factor, is influenced by the nutritional environment and plays a critical role in immune evasion and stress resistance. This study investigates the molecular and biophysical changes in titanized C. gattii cells grown in nutrient-rich Neurobasal™ medium, a potent inducer of titan cells. Methods: An integrative approach was used, combining scanning electron microscopy, optical tweezers, fluorescence microscopy, and physicochemical methods to analyze C. gattii cells grown in Neurobasal™ medium and minimal media. Results: Cells grown in Neurobasal™ medium exhibited significant differences compared to those grown in minimal media. These included a thicker and more defined polysaccharide capsule, enhanced capsule elasticity, and the secretion of more elastic polysaccharides. Furthermore, cells grown in the enriched medium showed reduced susceptibility to antifungals and delayed mortality in infection models. Conclusions: C. gattii adapts to nutritional cues by forming titan cells, thereby enhancing its pathogenicity. Targeting nutritional sensing pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies against cryptococcal infections. Full article

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