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Recent Articles  

33 pages, 1710 KiB  
Systematic Review
Promoting Sustainable Transport: A Systematic Review of Walking and Cycling Adoption Using the COM-B Model
by Hisham Y. Makahleh, Madhar M. Taamneh and Dilum Dissanayake
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030079 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Walking and cycling, as active modes of transportation, play a vital role in advancing sustainable urban mobility by reducing emissions and improving public health. However, widespread adoption faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, safety concerns, socio-cultural barriers, and policy limitations. This study systematically [...] Read more.
Walking and cycling, as active modes of transportation, play a vital role in advancing sustainable urban mobility by reducing emissions and improving public health. However, widespread adoption faces challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, safety concerns, socio-cultural barriers, and policy limitations. This study systematically reviewed 56 peer-reviewed articles from 2004 to 2024, across 30 countries across five continents, employing the Capability, Opportunity and Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) framework to identify the main drivers of walking and cycling behaviours. Findings highlight that the lack of dedicated infrastructure, inadequate enforcement of road safety measures, personal and traffic safety concerns, and social stigmas collectively hinder active mobility. Strategic interventions such as developing integrated cycling networks, financial incentives, urban planning initiatives, and behavioural change programs have promoted increased engagement in walking and cycling. Enhancing urban mobility further requires investment in pedestrian and cycling infrastructure, improved integration with public transportation, the implementation of traffic-calming measures, and public education campaigns. Post-pandemic initiatives to establish new pedestrian and cycling spaces offer a unique opportunity to establish enduring changes that support active transportation. The study suggests expanding protected cycling lanes and integrating pedestrian pathways with public transit systems to strengthen safety and accessibility. Additionally, leveraging digital tools can enhance mobility planning and coordination. Future research is needed to explore the potential of artificial intelligence in enhancing mobility analysis, supporting the development of climate-resilient infrastructure, and informing transport policies that integrate gender perspectives to better understand long-term behavioural changes. Coordinated policy efforts and targeted investments can lead to more equitable transportation access, support sustainability goals, and alleviate urban traffic congestion. Full article
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32 pages, 3326 KiB  
Article
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical–Chemical Modeling for Pressure Solution of Underground sCO2 Storage
by Selçuk Erol
Modelling 2025, 6(3), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/modelling6030059 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Underground production and injection operations result in mechanical compaction and mineral chemical reactions that alter porosity and permeability. These changes impact the flow and, eventually, the long-term sustainability of reservoirs utilized for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy. Even though mechanical and chemical [...] Read more.
Underground production and injection operations result in mechanical compaction and mineral chemical reactions that alter porosity and permeability. These changes impact the flow and, eventually, the long-term sustainability of reservoirs utilized for CO2 sequestration and geothermal energy. Even though mechanical and chemical deformations in rocks take place at the pore scale, it is important to investigate their impact at the continuum scale. Rock deformation can be examined using intergranular pressure solution (IPS) models, primarily for uniaxial compaction. Because the reaction rate parameters are estimated using empirical methods and the assumption of constant mineral saturation indices, these models frequently overestimate the rates of compaction and strain by several orders of magnitude. This study presents a new THMC algorithm by combining thermo-mechanical computation with a fractal approach and hydrochemical computations using PHREEQC to evaluate the pressure solution. Thermal stress and strain under axisymmetric conditions are calculated analytically by combining a derived hollow circle mechanical structure with a thermal resistance model. Based on the pore scale, porosity and its impact on the overall excessive stress and strain rate in a domain are estimated by applying the fractal scaling law. Relevant datasets from CO2 core flooding experiments are used to validate the proposed approach. The comparison is consistent with experimental findings, and the novel analytical method allows for faster inspection compared to numerical simulations. Full article
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38 pages, 5469 KiB  
Review
Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenic Mechanisms: Linking Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondria-Associated Metabolic Pathways Through Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)
by Agueda Rostagno and Jorge Ghiso
Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070812 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, with a prevalence expected to escalate with the aging of the world population as life expectancy increases. In spite of significant progress made in the investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, with a prevalence expected to escalate with the aging of the world population as life expectancy increases. In spite of significant progress made in the investigation of the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease, many mechanistic aspects that could support the implementation of novel therapeutic avenues remain unresolved. Research during the last decade has revealed a crucial role for mitochondria-mediated pathways dysregulation as significant contributors to the disease, highlighting the relevance of changes in brain metabolism and bioenergetics as well as the induction of oxidative stress conditions for neurodegeneration. This review summarizes mitochondrial functional changes associated with AD with emphasis in the dysregulation of redox homeostasis and the role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), not only as a central regulator of the antioxidant response but also as a more recently described modulator of cellular metabolic pathways. Potential therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are also discussed, with particular emphasis on the use of small molecules Nrf2 activators. Exploiting the multifactorial properties of the transcription factor in either novel or combination-based pharmacological approaches targeting multiple genes and pathways may contribute to providing more definitive and precise therapeutic perspectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nrf2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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17 pages, 1746 KiB  
Article
ODEI: Object Detector Efficiency Index
by Wenan Yuan
AI 2025, 6(7), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6070141 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Object detectors often rely on multiple metrics to reflect their accuracy and speed performances independently. This article introduces object detector efficiency index (ODEI), a hardware-agnostic metric designed to assess object detector efficiency based on speed-normalized accuracy, utilizing established concepts including mean average precision [...] Read more.
Object detectors often rely on multiple metrics to reflect their accuracy and speed performances independently. This article introduces object detector efficiency index (ODEI), a hardware-agnostic metric designed to assess object detector efficiency based on speed-normalized accuracy, utilizing established concepts including mean average precision (mAP) and floating-point operations (FLOPs). By defining seven mandatory parameters that must be specified when ODEI is invoked, the article aims to clarify long-standing confusions within literature regarding evaluation metrics and promote fair and transparent benchmarking research in the object detection space. Usage demonstration of ODEI using state-of-the-art (SOTA) YOLOv12 and RT-DETRv3 studies is also included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic State-of-the-Art Object Detection, Tracking, and Recognition Techniques)
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29 pages, 1222 KiB  
Article
Sustainability Assessment of Cement Types via Integrated Life Cycle Assessment and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods
by Oluwafemi Ezekiel Ige, Katleho Moloi and Musasa Kabeya
Sci 2025, 7(3), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030085 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Cement production significantly contributes to global warming, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and environmental pollution. Identifying sustainable alternatives is critical but requires balancing multiple, often conflicting, factors. The objective of this study is to determine the most preferred cement alternative produced in South Africa [...] Read more.
Cement production significantly contributes to global warming, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and environmental pollution. Identifying sustainable alternatives is critical but requires balancing multiple, often conflicting, factors. The objective of this study is to determine the most preferred cement alternative produced in South Africa using an integrated life cycle assessment (LCA) and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework. The LCA quantified the environmental impacts of seven different cement-type alternatives across 18 midpoint impact categories. The LCA results showed that slag cement-based CEM III/A achieved a 50% reduction in global warming potential (GWP) compared to traditional CEM I (0.57 vs. 0.99 kg CO2 eq. This study also used the entropy-weighted, COPRAS and ARAS methodologies to evaluate and rank cement types based on their environmental impacts and weighted sustainability criteria and the results showed that fly ash-based CEM II/B-V demonstrated the highest overall sustainability, with utility scores of 100.00 (COPRAS) and 0.7257 (ARAS) in MCDM ranking. These results highlight that fly ash-based cement offers substantial environmental benefits over traditional CEM I, particularly in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and resource consumption. The integrated LCA–MCDM method enables robust prioritization by linking quantitative environmental impacts with objective ranking criteria. Although this analysis focuses on South African cement formulations, the methodology and findings are applicable to other regions with similar production profiles and SCM availability. The framework offers a practical tool for policymakers and industry to support environmentally responsible decision-making in cement production. Full article
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14 pages, 1607 KiB  
Article
Characterization and Expression Analysis of the Sterol C-5 Desaturase Gene PcERG3 in the Mycobiont of the Lichen Peltigera canina Under Abiotic Stresses
by Moatasem A. Swid, Milana V. Koulintchenko, Alfred O. Onele, Ilya Y. Leksin, Daniya F. Rakhmatullina, Ekaterina I. Galeeva, Julia N. Valitova, Farida V. Minibayeva and Richard P. Beckett
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(7), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16070139 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Lichens, symbiotic organisms with a high tolerance to harsh environments, possess a greater diversity of sterols than other organisms. Sterols are involved in maintaining membrane integrity, hormone biosynthesis, and signal transduction. (1) Background: A characteristic feature of lichen sterols is a high degree [...] Read more.
Lichens, symbiotic organisms with a high tolerance to harsh environments, possess a greater diversity of sterols than other organisms. Sterols are involved in maintaining membrane integrity, hormone biosynthesis, and signal transduction. (1) Background: A characteristic feature of lichen sterols is a high degree of unsaturation, which influences membrane properties. Desaturases play an important role in the synthesis of unsaturated sterols, in particular, sterol C-5 desaturase (ERG3), which controls the conversion of episterol to ergosterol. Earlier, we demonstrated that the treatment of the lichen Peltigera canina with low and elevated temperatures results in changes in the levels of episterol and ergosterol. (2) Methods: Here, for the first time, we identified ERG3 in P. canina and, using an in silico analysis, we showed that PcERG3 belongs to the superfamily of fatty acid hydrolyases. A phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the evolutionary relationships of PcERG3. (3) Results: A phylogenetic analysis showed that PcERG3 clusters with ERG3 from other Peltigeralian and non-Peltigeralian lichens and also with ERG3 from free-living fungi. This suggests that PcERG3 has an ancient evolutionary origin and is related to fungi with lichenized ancestors, e.g., Penicillium. The differential expression of PcERG3 in response to temperature stress, a dehydration/rehydration cycle, and heavy metal exposure suggests that it plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance between more and less saturated sterols and, more generally, in membrane functioning. The multifaceted response of P. canina to abiotic stresses was documented by simultaneously measuring changes in the expression of PcERG3, as well as the genes encoding the heat shock proteins, PcHSP20 and PcHSP98, and PcSOD1, which encodes the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. (4) Conclusions: These findings suggest that PcERG3 is similar to the sterol C-5 desaturases from related and free-living fungi and plays important roles in the molecular mechanisms underlying the tolerance of lichens to environmental stress. Full article
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5 pages, 619 KiB  
Brief Report
A “Sconce” Trap for Sampling Egg Masses of Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula
by Sarah M. Devine, Everett G. Booth, Miriam F. Cooperband, Emily K. L. Franzen, Phillip A. Lewis, Kelly M. Murman and Joseph A. Francese
Insects 2025, 16(7), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16070689 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Survey and detection of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), rely either on traps that exploit the insect’s behavior as it navigates its environment, or on visual surveys of either its mobile life stages or egg masses. A recently described egg mass trap, [...] Read more.
Survey and detection of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), rely either on traps that exploit the insect’s behavior as it navigates its environment, or on visual surveys of either its mobile life stages or egg masses. A recently described egg mass trap, coined the “lampshade” trap, can assist with early detection in newly infested areas, provide egg masses for researchers, and potentially facilitate spotted lanternfly population reduction by removal of egg masses from the environment. Here, we describe a modified lampshade trap, the sconce trap, that uses less material, can be pre-cut prior to deployment, and can be deployed by one person, representing potential cost, labor, and time savings. Both traps were comparable at detecting populations of spotted lanternflies, and while females deposited more eggs on the larger lampshade traps, they deposited more eggs on sconce traps as a function of trap area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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27 pages, 318 KiB  
Article
Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Financial Performance: Evidence from America’s Best Corporate Citizens
by Kelly Huang, Yanglin Li, Kabir Oyewale and Emily Tworoger
Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13030119 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper examines the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm financial performance—a topic that continues to generate debate among academics and practitioners. We focus on firms included in the 100 Best Corporate Citizens (BCC) rankings from 2009 to 2022, a list [...] Read more.
This paper examines the relation between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm financial performance—a topic that continues to generate debate among academics and practitioners. We focus on firms included in the 100 Best Corporate Citizens (BCC) rankings from 2009 to 2022, a list that highlights companies recognized for CSR transparency and performance. Using panel data regression analyses and matched sample comparison, we examine whether BCC firms outperform their peers. Our findings show that, relative to matched firms not included in the rankings, BCC firms demonstrate significantly stronger future operating performance. Among BCC firms, CSR rankings are positively associated with future operating performance, although this positive relation has diminished in more recent years. Furthermore, we find no significant association between operating performance and most individual CSR component rankings except for employee relations. Finally, our evidence indicates that more socially responsible firms engage in less tax avoidance and pay higher audit fees, suggesting that CSR-oriented firms exhibit stronger ethical considerations across a broad range of corporate activities. This study contributes to the CSR literature by providing updated empirical evidence and practical insights for stakeholders evaluating corporate behavior and outcomes through the BCC rankings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Corporate Governance and Financial Performance)
10 pages, 921 KiB  
Article
Electromyographic Activation of Flexed Arm Circumference, With or Without Contralateral Opposition
by Rafael Bizarelo, Luiz Paulo Pimenta Rambal, Taís de Souza Lopes, Sara Lucia Silveira de Menezes, Pablo B. Costa and Claudio Melibeu Bentes
Biomechanics 2025, 5(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030044 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Flexed and tensed arm (FTA) circumference is a fundamental anthropometric measurement for determining the mesomorphic component in somatotype. This study examined the impact of contralateral limb opposition (+OP) on arm circumference measurement and biceps brachii muscle activation. Fifty physically active men and women, [...] Read more.
Flexed and tensed arm (FTA) circumference is a fundamental anthropometric measurement for determining the mesomorphic component in somatotype. This study examined the impact of contralateral limb opposition (+OP) on arm circumference measurement and biceps brachii muscle activation. Fifty physically active men and women, mean (22.7 ± 2.9 years), participated in this study. FTA circumference measurements were taken with FTA + OP and without opposition FTA, following ISAK protocols. Additionally, biceps brachii muscle activation was assessed using surface electromyography (sEMG). Significant differences were identified in the flexed and tensed arm circumference (>1%) and in the mesomorphic component between the FTA and FTA + OP conditions (p < 0.001). In addition, contralateral limb opposition resulted in a significant average increase of 39.02% in biceps brachii muscle activation, with variations between 24.57% to 47.46% across the time intervals analyzed (p < 0.05). A moderate correlation was observed between the percentage difference in sEMG and arm circumference during the middle second of contraction (r = 0.418). However, during the first (r = 0.393), third (r = 0.376), and mean (r = 0.385) contraction periods, the correlation was considered weak. Contralateral limb opposition caused greater biceps brachii muscle activation, resulting in an increase in flexed and tensed arm circumference in physically active young adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neuromechanics)
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18 pages, 327 KiB  
Article
Sport, Physical Activity, and Health Inequalities Among Youth Who Are Incarcerated: Perspectives of Youth Custody Workers in Ontario, Canada
by Mark Norman and Rubens Heller Mandel
Youth 2025, 5(3), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/youth5030064 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
The current article seeks to understand, and critically analyze the implications of, how youth custody workers understand the relationship between sport, physical activity, and health among youth who are incarcerated. Data was collected through surveys (n = 15) and semi-structured interviews ( [...] Read more.
The current article seeks to understand, and critically analyze the implications of, how youth custody workers understand the relationship between sport, physical activity, and health among youth who are incarcerated. Data was collected through surveys (n = 15) and semi-structured interviews (n = 16) with youth custody workers in Ontario, Canada. We present and analyze three themes emerging from participants’ narratives: the potential for sport and physical activity to contribute, in a holistic way, to the physical, mental, and social health of youth who are incarcerated; the possibility for sport and physical activity to create space for building “therapeutic alliances” between staff and youth, which can improve the mental and social health of youth who are incarcerated; and perceptions of health deficits among youth who are incarcerated and their implications for social inequality. Through an analysis of these themes, we deepen the limited scholarly analysis of sport, physical activity, and health among young persons who are incarcerated and connect these discussions to broader considerations of social determinants of health (that is, structural and social factors that create health inequities) as a matter of social justice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Justice Youth Development through Sport and Physical Activity)
11 pages, 1156 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Contribution of Arm Swing to Countermovement Jump Height Using Three Different Measurement Methods in Physically Active Men
by Daichi Yamashita, Frederick James Henderson and Yuko Ishida
Biomechanics 2025, 5(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5030045 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the reliability and validity of three methods to measure jump height during countermovement jumps performed with (CMJAS) and without (CMJNAS) arm swing: (1) an impulse–momentum method with force platforms (FPimp), (2) a flight [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: This study evaluated the reliability and validity of three methods to measure jump height during countermovement jumps performed with (CMJAS) and without (CMJNAS) arm swing: (1) an impulse–momentum method with force platforms (FPimp), (2) a flight time method with force platforms (FPtime), and (3) an inertial measurement unit (PUSH Band 2.0; PUSH2). Methods: Eighteen physically active men performed CMJAS and CMJNAS on force platforms while wearing PUSH2 over two days. Besides jump height, we computed intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the absolute and relative increases in jump height due to arm swing, compared to CMJNAS. Results: The reliability of intra-session, inter-session, and concurrent measures were good to excellent (intra-session ICC2,1 = 0.957–0.979, inter-session ICC2,1 = 0.806–0.990, concurrent ICC3,1 = 0.940–0.973) for CMJAS and CMJNAS heights, in all three methods. The three methods showed high to very high reliability for both the absolute and relative indices of arm swing contribution (ICC2,1 = 0.649–0.812). FPtime significantly overestimated CMJNAS height relative to FPimp (p < 0.01). The absolute index of arm swing contribution was similar in FPimp and FPtime (p = 0.38) but higher in PUSH2 (p < 0.01), indicating that arm swing amplified overestimation. Conclusions: All three methods demonstrated high reliability for jump height measurements, but FPtime and PUSH2 misestimated jump height depending on jump modalities. Caution is advised when assessing the absolute and relative contribution of arm swing, because errors in CMJNAS and CMJAS height measurements can affect these values and their interpretation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inertial Sensor Assessment of Human Movement)
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17 pages, 1336 KiB  
Systematic Review
Analysis of One-Stop-Shop Models for Housing Retrofit: A Systematic Review
by Chamara Panakaduwa, Ishika Gunasekara, Paul Coates and Mustapha Munir
Architecture 2025, 5(3), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5030047 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Housing retrofit plays a pivotal role in achieving sustainability goals. The fragmented nature of the retrofit industry has been identified as a barrier to driving retrofit at scale. The study aims to analyse how to strategically improve the concept of the one-stop-shop model [...] Read more.
Housing retrofit plays a pivotal role in achieving sustainability goals. The fragmented nature of the retrofit industry has been identified as a barrier to driving retrofit at scale. The study aims to analyse how to strategically improve the concept of the one-stop-shop model to drive housing retrofit at scale with the help of existing literature. The concept of a one-stop-shop model provides all the retrofit services with a single contact to the client. A systematic literature review approach was used. Only peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters and conference articles published from 2016 to 2025 in English were selected. There are 12 shortlisted journal and conference proceedings articles critically evaluated under three themes: delivery method, ownership structure and level of responsibility. The findings highlight the different characteristics of the one-stop-shop model under these themes. Considering the existing case studies, starting a one-stop shop under a hybrid delivery method and a medium level of responsibility is recommended for retrofit at scale. The ownership structure shall be context-specific. Limitations could be given as the researcher bias and the missed articles in databases not considered for this review. Further research is suggested on how the characteristics of a one-stop shop can be customised, considering the context-specific resources and purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Decarbonising the Building Industry)
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15 pages, 2226 KiB  
Article
Perovskite Solar Cells Modified with Conjugated Self-Assembled Monolayers at Buried Interfaces
by Guorong Zhou, Faeze Hashemi, Changzeng Ding, Xin Luo, Lianping Zhang, Esmaeil Sheibani, Qun Luo, Askhat N. Jumabekov, Ronald Österbacka, Bo Xu and Changqi Ma
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15131014 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
In recent years, inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered widespread attention due to their high compatibility, excellent stability, and potential for low-temperature manufacturing. However, most of the current research has primarily focused on the surface passivation of perovskite. In contrast, the buried [...] Read more.
In recent years, inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered widespread attention due to their high compatibility, excellent stability, and potential for low-temperature manufacturing. However, most of the current research has primarily focused on the surface passivation of perovskite. In contrast, the buried interface significantly influences the crystal growth quality of perovskite, but it is difficult to effectively control, leading to relatively slow research progress. To address the issue of poor interfacial contact between the hole transport-layer nickel oxide (NiOX) and the perovskite, we introduced a conjugated self-assembled monolayer (SAM), 4,4′-[(4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole)triphenylamine)]diphenylacetic acid (XS21), which features triphenylamine dicarboxylate groups. For comparison, we also employed the widely studied phosphonic acid-based SAM, [2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl] phosphonic acid (MeO-2PACz). A systematic investigation was carried out to evaluate the influence of these SAMs on the performance and stability of inverted PSCs. The results show that both XS21 and MeO-2PACz significantly enhanced the crystallinity of the perovskite layer, reduced defect densities, and suppressed non-radiative recombination. These improvements led to more efficient hole extraction and transport at the buried interface. Consequently, inverted PSCs incorporating XS21 and MeO-2PACz achieved impressive power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 21.43% and 22.43%, respectively, along with marked enhancements in operational stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Assembled Nanocomposites and Nanostructures for Environmental and Energic Applications)
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23 pages, 337 KiB  
Article
A Spacetime Metric for the 4 + 1 Formalism
by Martin Land
Sci 2025, 7(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030086 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
In his foundational work on classical and quantum electrodynamics, Stueckelberg introduced an external evolution parameter, τ, in order to overcome difficulties associated with the problem of time in relativity. Stueckelberg particle trajectories are described by the evolution of spacetime events under the [...] Read more.
In his foundational work on classical and quantum electrodynamics, Stueckelberg introduced an external evolution parameter, τ, in order to overcome difficulties associated with the problem of time in relativity. Stueckelberg particle trajectories are described by the evolution of spacetime events under the monotonic advance of τ, the basis for the Feynman–Stueckelberg interpretation of particle–antiparticle interactions. An event is a solution to τ-parameterized equations of motion, which, under simple conditions, including the elimination of pair processes, can be reparameterized by the proper time of motion. The 4+1 formalism in general relativity (GR) extends this framework to provide field equations for a τ-dependent local metric γμν(x,τ) induced by these Stueckelberg trajectories, leading to τ-parameterized geodesic equations in an evolving spacetime. As in standard GR, the linearized theory for weak fields leads to a wave equation for the local metric induced by a given matter source. While previous attempts to solve the wave equation have produced a metric with the expected features, the resulting geodesic equations for a test particle lead to unreasonable trajectories. In this paper, we discuss the difficulties associated with the wave equation and set up the more general ADM-like 4+1 evolution equations, providing an initial value problem for the metric induced by a given source. As in the familiar 3+1 formalism, the metric can be found as a perturbation to an exact solution for the metric induced by a known source. Here, we propose a metric, ansatz, with certain expected properties; obtain the source that induces this metric; and use them as the initial conditions in an initial value problem for a general metric posed as a perturbation to the ansatz. We show that the ansatz metric, its associated source, and the geodesic equations for a test particle behave as required for such a model, recovering Newtonian gravitation in the nonrelativistic limit. We then pose the initial value problem to obtain more general solutions as perturbations of the ansatz. Full article
13 pages, 1986 KiB  
Article
Ecological Status Should Be Considered When Evaluating and Mitigating the Effects of River Connectivity Losses in European Rivers
by António Tovar Faro, Gonçalo Duarte, Tamara Leite, Maria Teresa Ferreira and Paulo Branco
Hydrobiology 2025, 4(3), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology4030018 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
The deterioration of European freshwater ecosystems, driven by habitat fragmentation and connectivity loss, seriously threatens biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. While restoration efforts often focus on reconnecting river networks, ecological assessments tend to overlook the broader concept of connectivity. This study highlights the need [...] Read more.
The deterioration of European freshwater ecosystems, driven by habitat fragmentation and connectivity loss, seriously threatens biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. While restoration efforts often focus on reconnecting river networks, ecological assessments tend to overlook the broader concept of connectivity. This study highlights the need to incorporate ecological quality into connectivity assessments, ensuring more effective restoration that is aligned with European Union (EU) conservation policies. Using the dendritic connectivity index for potamodromous (DCIp) species, we analysed seven connectivity scenarios, integrating natural and artificial barriers to assess both structural connectivity and quality-weighted connectivity. These scenarios included: (1) structural connectivity considering only natural barriers (S_NB) and (2) all barriers (S_AB); (3) quality-weighted connectivity considering natural barriers (W_NB), and (4) all barriers (W_AB); three enhanced scenarios considering all barriers with (5) improved quality (W_AB_IQ), (6) improved probability of connectivity (W_AB_IC), and (7) improved quality and probability of connectivity (W_AB_IQC). Connectivity values varied across scenarios, with the natural baseline (S_NB) showing the highest connectivity values (mean = 0.98). When the natural baseline was weighted by the GES probability (W_NB), connectivity values dropped considerably (mean = 0.30). Incorporating all barriers (W_AB) further reduced the connectivity values (mean = 0.26). The improved scenario W_AB_IQC showed notable connectivity improvements (mean = 0.40). This study underscores the importance of integrating ecological quality into river connectivity assessments. It demonstrates that restoring habitat quality alongside connectivity restoration can substantially enhance river ecosystems. Prioritising restoration in high-quality areas maximises ecological and social benefits, supports sustainable river management, improves connectivity, and promotes biodiversity conservation. Full article
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10 pages, 1143 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Model for Inelastic Buckling in Cold Upset Forging: Stress Analysis and Optimal Billet Geometry
by Dan Lagat, Huzeifa Munawar, Alfayo Alugongo and Hilary Rutto
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2078; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072078 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
The forging industry has increasingly emphasised quality and reproducibility, making computer simulations essential for predicting and improving the process. A major challenge in cold upset forging is billet buckling, which leads to defective products. Existing numerical models, such as the Euler and Rankine-Gordon [...] Read more.
The forging industry has increasingly emphasised quality and reproducibility, making computer simulations essential for predicting and improving the process. A major challenge in cold upset forging is billet buckling, which leads to defective products. Existing numerical models, such as the Euler and Rankine-Gordon formulas, mainly focus on elastic buckling. This study aimed to develop a numerical model that defined inelastic buckling during forging, particularly in cold upset forging, which could be used to determine the buckled billets and their stresses, identify the deflection point for different billet geometries, and specify the optimum billet geometry for aluminium. A numerical approach was used to model the forging operation and obtain simulation data for stress variation against die strokes. Seven billet geometries (10–40 mm in diameter, each with a length of 120 mm) and three frictional conditions (µ = 0.12, 0.16, and 0.35) were applied. The simulation results showed that the billet geometry and the strain hardening exponent had a crucial impact on the buckling behaviour, while friction seemed to alter the overall billet stresses. Rigorous non-linear regression and iterations showed that the numerical model successfully estimated the buckling stresses but failed to identify the buckling points through stress differences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Selected Papers from the International Electronic Conference on Processes)
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6 pages, 165 KiB  
Editorial
Advances and Future Challenges to Microbial Food Safety—Volume II
by Maria Lavilla
Foods 2025, 14(13), 2335; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132335 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Considering the increasing market demand for products with adequate nutritional, physicochemical and sensory characteristics [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Future Challenges to Microbial Food Safety—Volume II)
15 pages, 7056 KiB  
Article
Effects of Packaging Constraints on Vibration Damage of ‘Huangguan’ Pear During Simulated Transport
by Lijun Wang, Zechen Xie, Yumeng Wu, Jinguo Gao and Haiyan Song
Horticulturae 2025, 11(7), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11070749 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Fruit is typically transported in stacked packaging units, where external packaging constraints play a critical role in influencing mechanical damage during transit. This study primarily investigated the effects of external packaging constraints on vibration-induced damage and response vibration in ‘Huangguan’ pears (Pyrus [...] Read more.
Fruit is typically transported in stacked packaging units, where external packaging constraints play a critical role in influencing mechanical damage during transit. This study primarily investigated the effects of external packaging constraints on vibration-induced damage and response vibration in ‘Huangguan’ pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. ‘Huangguan’). Three external packaging constraint types—free constraint, elastic constraint, and fixed constraint—were applied to a two-layer stacked packaging system to limit vertical movement. The pears inside the containers were divided by a corrugated paperboard. Vibration excitation was simulated using the ASTM D4169 spectrum at three vibration levels. Damage indicators, including damage area, flesh firmness, respiratory rate, weight loss, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and tissue microstructure, were analyzed after vibration experiments. The results demonstrated that external packaging constraint type significantly affects the mechanical damage of ‘Huangguan’ pears, with damage severity being closely related to constraint strength. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the most severe damage occurred under free constraint, while the least damage was observed under fixed constraint. Stacking position also influenced damage, as pears on the top layer exhibited more severe damage compared to those on the bottom layer. The response vibration results aligned with the observed damage patterns. SEM analysis further revealed that vibration disrupted the tissue microstructure and damaged stone cells, which decreased in number and even disappeared at higher vibration levels. This study provides valuable insights for improving postharvest transport packaging designs and minimizing fruit loss during logistics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Treatments and Storage Technologies Applied to Ensure the Quality and Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables)
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15 pages, 1101 KiB  
Article
Impact of Co-Fermentation on the Soluble Pentosan, Total Phenol, Antioxidant Activity, and Flavor Properties of Wheat Bran
by Yan Chen, Li Zhang, Yifan Chen, Hongling Wang, Wenpei Ge, Zhanying Xue, Xinran Cui, Xin Wang, Aimei Liao, Yuansen Hu and Na Liu
Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071546 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Most wheat bran in China is used as animal feed due to its coarse taste. However, fermentation can degrade cellulose in wheat bran, improving its taste and flavor. The effects of co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Monascus purpureus on wheat bran remain unclear. [...] Read more.
Most wheat bran in China is used as animal feed due to its coarse taste. However, fermentation can degrade cellulose in wheat bran, improving its taste and flavor. The effects of co-fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Monascus purpureus on wheat bran remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated soluble pentosan, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity in co-fermented wheat bran. Following treatment, the soluble pentosan content was 6.03-fold higher than in raw bran. The total phenol content increased by 5.74-fold, and antioxidant activity was enhanced as well. The flavor profile of wheat bran co-fermented with L. plantarum and M. purpureus changed significantly, with alcohols and pyrazines increasing by 3- to 20-fold and aldehydes decreasing by 52.76%, resulting in a fruity, sweet, and nutty aroma. This study supports the comprehensive utilization of wheat bran and provides novel insights into improving its functionality and quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
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48 pages, 9186 KiB  
Review
A Review on Design, Synthesis and Application of Composite Materials Based on MnO2 for Energy Storage
by Loukia Plakia and Ioannis A. Kartsonakis
Energies 2025, 18(13), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18133455 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and application of composite materials based on manganese dioxide (MnO2) for energy storage are pivotal in advancing efficient, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems. The MnO2 is widely recognized for its abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and [...] Read more.
The design, synthesis, and application of composite materials based on manganese dioxide (MnO2) for energy storage are pivotal in advancing efficient, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems. The MnO2 is widely recognized for its abundance, low cost, environmental friendliness, and excellent electrochemical properties, making it a promising candidate for use in supercapacitors, batteries, fuel cells, and other energy storage systems. This study offers a comprehensive overview of how various materials influence the performance of MnO2 as an energy storage medium. Specifically, the design of composite materials is examined with respect to morphological control, integration with conductive additives, doping strategies, and structural engineering, all of which impact the final material properties. Additionally, the influence of diverse synthetic techniques—including hydrothermal synthesis, electrochemical deposition, sol–gel processing, co-precipitation, and templating methods—is evaluated. The latest attempts through which the developed composites showcase improved structural stability, inherent conductivity, and electron mobility compared to the original first material are presented in this review article. The presented results have been quite promising for the synthesis of great-performing materials with improved electrochemical data compared to that of MnO2 alone, competing with other significant energy storage materials. This review highlights future prospects for the development of state-of-the-art devices, large-scale production applications, and the use of environmentally friendly materials and methods. It is anticipated that this research will provide valuable insights to facilitate further improvements in performance and broaden the scope of practical applications in this rapidly evolving field of composite materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrochemical Power Sources: Systems and Applications)
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35 pages, 1399 KiB  
Systematic Review
Congestion Forecasting Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Systematic Review
by Mehdi Attioui and Mohamed Lahby
Future Transp. 2025, 5(3), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5030076 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Traffic congestion constitutes a substantial global issue, adversely impacting economic productivity and quality of life, with associated costs estimated at approximately 2% of GDP in various nations. This systematic review investigates the application of machine learning (ML) in traffic congestion forecasting from 2010 [...] Read more.
Traffic congestion constitutes a substantial global issue, adversely impacting economic productivity and quality of life, with associated costs estimated at approximately 2% of GDP in various nations. This systematic review investigates the application of machine learning (ML) in traffic congestion forecasting from 2010 to 2024, adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive search of three major databases (IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, and ScienceDirect) yielded 9695 initial records, with 115 studies meeting the inclusion criteria following rigorous screening. Data extraction encompassed methodological approaches, ML techniques, traffic characteristics, and forecasting periods, with quality assessment achieving near-perfect inter-rater reliability (Cohen’s κ = 0.89). Deep Neural Networks were the predominant technical approach (47%), with supervised learning being the most prevalent (57%). Classification tasks were the most common (42%), primarily addressing recurrent congestion scenarios (76%) and passenger vehicles (90%). The quality of publications was notably high, with 85% appearing in Q1-ranked journals, demonstrating exponential growth from minimal activity in 2010 to 18 studies in 2022. Significant research gaps persist: reinforcement learning is underutilized (8%), rural road networks are underrepresented (2%), and industry–academia collaboration is limited (3%). Future research should prioritize multimodal transportation systems, real-time adaptation mechanisms, and enhanced practical implementation to advance intelligent transportation systems (ITSs). This review was not registered because it focused on mapping the research landscape rather than intervention effects. Full article
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15 pages, 1134 KiB  
Article
Cross-Shore Microplastic Accumulation on Sri Lanka’s West Coast One Year After the Catastrophic X-Press Pearl Pollution Event
by Paula Masiá Lillo, Susantha Udagedara, Ross Williamson and Daniel Gorman
Microplastics 2025, 4(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4030037 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Understanding how marine debris accumulates within coastal ecosystems is a crucial aspect of predicting its long-term environmental and biological consequences. The release and subsequent dispersion of 50 billion microplastic pellets from the fire and subsequent sinking of the container ship X-Press Pearl along [...] Read more.
Understanding how marine debris accumulates within coastal ecosystems is a crucial aspect of predicting its long-term environmental and biological consequences. The release and subsequent dispersion of 50 billion microplastic pellets from the fire and subsequent sinking of the container ship X-Press Pearl along the western coast of Sri Lanka in 2021 provides an important case study. Here, we present a three-dimensional assessment of pellet accumulation (number density) along affected beaches and compare this with other common microplastic particles one year following the incident. Surveys confirmed that pellets were still widely present in the surface sediments of ocean beaches, with some locations returning average densities of 588 pellets m2 (very high according to the global Pellet Pollution Index [PPI]). Profiling deeper into beach sediments showed pellets were present to depths of 30 cm; however, most were restricted to the top 10 cm. Our observations of persistent pellet contamination of beaches along Sri Lanka’s west coast emphasize the need for continued monitoring of these types of events to assess the magnitude and persistence of risks to the environment, wildlife, and human well-being. Full article
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26 pages, 2184 KiB  
Article
Analyzing the Criteria of Private Equity Investment in Emerging Markets: The Case of Tunisia
by Amira Neffati, Wided Khiari, Azhaar Lajmi and Farah Mejri
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070358 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Restrictive conditions that financial institutions require on credit allocation remain the main constraints to developing and creating new businesses. In this context, the concept of private equity came to fill this problem. However, because it is a riskier business, investors thoroughly assess before [...] Read more.
Restrictive conditions that financial institutions require on credit allocation remain the main constraints to developing and creating new businesses. In this context, the concept of private equity came to fill this problem. However, because it is a riskier business, investors thoroughly assess before investing in a firm’s capital. This work aims to analyze the criteria of private equity investment and explore how Tunisian private equity investors make investment decisions. The methodology applied aligns with prior works studying investment criteria used by private equity investors. Results show that 100% of investors prefer to invest in firms that aim to achieve some growth and are in the development phase. In addition, under informational asymmetry between entrepreneurs and investors, the latter place greater importance on the business plan, information gathered during interviews with promoters, and information on the products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends and Innovations in Corporate Finance and Governance)
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13 pages, 310 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial In Vitro Properties of Silver Sulfadiazine in Combination with Tris-EDTA and N-Acetylcysteine Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Dogs with Suppurative Otitis
by Ioanna Papadogiannaki, Rosario Cerundolo, Jennifer Plant, Elizabeth Villiers, Jenny Littler, Anika Wisniewska and Panagiotis Sgardelis
Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(7), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16070138 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa otitis is common in dogs and antibiotic-resistant strains are often isolated. We are unaware of reports evaluating the combination of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) with a biofilm disruptor solution containing Tris-EDTA (tromethamine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and N-acetylcysteine (Tris-NAC). Forty-eight P. aeruginosa strains from dogs [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa otitis is common in dogs and antibiotic-resistant strains are often isolated. We are unaware of reports evaluating the combination of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) with a biofilm disruptor solution containing Tris-EDTA (tromethamine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and N-acetylcysteine (Tris-NAC). Forty-eight P. aeruginosa strains from dogs with suppurative otitis were analysed using the agar well diffusion method. A volume of 70 μL of Tris-NAC, a water solution of 10% SSD and their combination in equal amount was pipetted into the designated wells. After incubation, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured. A synergy experiment using the checkerboard assay was performed to look at any potential synergistic effects of SSD and Tris-NAC against only 10 randomly selected isolates of P. aeruginosa. The samples tested with Tris-NAC + 10% SSD solution, compared with the samples tested with 10% SSD alone, demonstrated significantly higher inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa, p < 0.00001. The checkerboard assay results showed an additive effect between the two compounds. The use of 10% SSD could be evaluated as a therapeutic tool against strains of P. aeruginosa if combined with Tris-NAC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Microbiology and Diagnostics)
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17 pages, 7582 KiB  
Article
Effects of Feeding Calcium Salts from a Mixture of Linseed and Fish Oil on Productive Response, Metabolic Status, and Reproductive Parameters in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows
by Pablo M. Roskopf, Alejandra Cuatrin, Matías Stangaferro, Gino Storani, Emmanuel Angeli, Gustavo J. Hein and Eloy E. Salado
Dairy 2025, 6(4), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy6040034 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing early-lactation Holstein cows with rumen-protected omega-3 fatty acids (calcium salts) on productive and reproductive performance. Thirty-six multiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments from 21 ± 2 days before calving to 105 ± [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effects of supplementing early-lactation Holstein cows with rumen-protected omega-3 fatty acids (calcium salts) on productive and reproductive performance. Thirty-six multiparous cows were randomly assigned to one of two treatments from 21 ± 2 days before calving to 105 ± 5 days in milk (DIM): a Control group (C) or an Omega-3-supplemented group (O-3), receiving a blend of linseed and fish oil (60:40). Both groups were fed isoenergetic diets, with ground corn as the control supplement. Total dry matter and net energy intake did not differ between treatments. A treatment-by-time interaction was observed for milk yield, with cows in the O-3 group producing more milk than controls at specific time points. Additionally, O-3 cows had higher overall protein yield and improved feed efficiency. No differences were found in body weight, BCS, glucose, insulin, IGF-1, or urea concentrations, but a tendency toward higher plasma NEFA and BHBA concentrations and lower energy balance was observed in the O-3 group. Supplementation increased plasma cholesterol and progesterone concentrations and was associated with a higher proportion of cows being pregnant at 130 DIM. These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation may improve specific aspects of lactational performance and reproductive efficiency without compromising metabolic status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Nutrition and Welfare)
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14 pages, 6253 KiB  
Article
Does Forest Structure Influence the Abundance of Predators and Habitat Competitors of the Endangered Pyrenean Capercaillie?
by Adrián Moreno, Inmaculada Navarro, Rubén Chamizo, Carlos Martínez-Carrasco and Carlos Sánchez-García
Ecologies 2025, 6(3), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6030046 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2025
Abstract
The Pyrenean capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) is a forest obligate grouse that has experienced a marked population decline in recent decades owing to the lack of optimal habitats. However, the effect of forest structure on potential predators and habitat competitors has [...] Read more.
The Pyrenean capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) is a forest obligate grouse that has experienced a marked population decline in recent decades owing to the lack of optimal habitats. However, the effect of forest structure on potential predators and habitat competitors has not been well-studied. We conducted a camera-trapping study at three conservation areas in Huesca province (northeastern Spain), which were classified as ‘optimal’, ‘favorable’, and ‘unfavorable’ based on habitat suitability for the capercaillie. This study was conducted for 3417 days at a total of 130 camera locations in autumn–winter and spring–summer, capturing 8757 valid photos. In total, 36 different species were recorded. The most frequently detected species were Southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica; 32.6%), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; 18%), wild boar (Sus scrofa; 9.6%), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris; 6.1%), mustelids (5.6%), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes; 4.8%). Capercaillies were photographed in the optimal and favorable habitat areas. Nest predators, such as mustelids and red fox, were more frequently detected in the favorable area during autumn–winter and in the optimal area in spring–summer, while corvids were more frequently detected in the unfavorable habitat area during both periods. No clear pattern was found for wild boar (nest predator and habitat competitor) or cervids (competitors). As capercaillie coexist with a wide range of predators and competitors, and habitat structure may not always explain species relative abundance, factors such as disturbance and food resources should be also taken into account when aiming to develop targeted management for the benefit of the capercaillie. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ecologies 2024)
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